Gastroenterology deals with a wide range of diseases and conditions related to the digestive system and it includes a large number of internal organs: the esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Some gastroenterology diseases are chronic and managable, such as gastroesophageal reflux, a chronic condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms; irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation; gallstones which are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in the gallbladder and cause pain, infection, or other complications; and peptic ulcers, open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine. More serious gastroenterology diseases can include diseases like cirrhosis of the liver or colorectal, stomach, liver, esophogeal, and pancreatic cancers.
Gastroenterologists use various diagnostic tools and procedures, such as endoscopy, colonoscopy, and imaging studies, to diagnose and treat both mild and more serious conditions. Research has shown that the procedural mindset for the treatment of chronic gastroenterological diseases calls for identifying a fix or definitive solution to the problem. This can be counterproductive with functional disorders where patients are exposed to too many CT scans, endoscopic interventions, and even surgical explorations looking for something to fix or to remove1. For those with chronic conditions, there are often no black-and-white answers and a second opinion can be helpful.